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(1)风险与收益不对等

风险与收益的不对等,是做空的内含风险。理论上说,当投资者做多一只股票,其最大限度的亏损为股价降至0,即亏损比例100%;但当投资者做空一只股票,相对其做空的价格来说,股价后续上涨空间没有限制,因此其潜在的亏损没有限度,可能是200%、300%甚至更高。

(2)时间成本

融券做空必须考虑时间因素。一方面,因为做空操作每一天都有利息产生,随着时间累积成本增加;另一方面,做空最大的不确定性也来自时间,若投资者长时间持有空头,可能面临股价上涨带来的风险。

(3)利率风险

需注意的是,做空下单后,做空利率仍是变化的。投资者最终支付的利息从当日起按照每天的实际利率进行计算,并在在市场23点计算(美股在美国时间23点,港股则按香港时间23点),融资融券利息会从您的股票账户现金余额扣除。任何人无法预先确定做空利率,如果在持有空头期间个股做空拥挤程度大幅增加、导致利率大幅度上涨,投资者需承担因此增加的做空成本,使得做空利息大于做空收益而导致亏损。

(4)召回和强平

做空操作时,空头投资者和出借人的关系是不对等的。股票出借人/借出者保有在任何时候要求召回该股票的权利。如果发生召回,券商会尝试用从另一个出借人处借到的股票代替先前借到的股票。如果无法借到股票,就会发起正式召回。召回通常采用交易量加权平均价(VWAP,Volume Weighted Average Price)定单以平掉客户的空头头寸。此外,如果在借得股票之后,股价持续上涨,对该股票的保证金要求也会不断提高。一旦发生保证金不足的情况,将会触发强平。如果某只空头占比高的股票大涨,很可能造成很多空头投资者在同一时间段内急于平仓,导致股价进一步上涨。

(5)公司行动

某些公司行动(如并购、收购、分红等)可能引起做空费率增加。例如,当公司宣布分红时,通常会导致市场上股票的供应减少,从而可能导致融券利率提高。

(6)退市和停牌

当一只股票退市或停牌时,由于该股票无法交易,投资者可能无法填补其持有的空头头寸,需等到该股票退市完毕或该股票恢复交易才能终止。这一过程可能持续数日、数月甚至更久,尤其当公司破产清算时耗时最长。而投资者在此期间不得不按照该股票的退市价格或该股票最近一个交易日的收盘价持续支付融券费用,融券费用可能很高。

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